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more and more problems

  • 1 more

    [mɔː(r)] 1. adj
    1) ( greater in number etc) więcej ( +gen)

    more people/work than we expected — więcej ludzi/pracy niż się spodziewaliśmy

    2) ( additional) jeszcze; ( in negatives) już

    I have no/I don't have any more money — nie mam już więcej pieniędzy

    2. pron
    1) ( greater amount) więcej

    it cost more than we expected — kosztowało więcej, niż się spodziewaliśmy

    2) ( further or additional amount) jeszcze (trochę); ( in negatives) już

    you can take this pen; I have many more — możesz wziąć ten długopis — mam (ich) jeszcze dużo

    3. adv
    * * *
    [mo:]
    comparative; = much

    English-Polish dictionary > more

  • 2 more

    ❢ When used to modify an adjective or an adverb to form the comparative more is very often translated by plus: more expensive = plus cher/chère ; more beautiful = plus beau/belle ; more easily = plus facilement ; more regularly = plus régulièrement. For examples and further uses see A 1 below.
    When used as a quantifier to indicate a greater amount or quantity of something more is very often translated by plus de: more money/cars/people = plus d'argent/de voitures/de gens. For examples and further uses see B 1 below.
    A adv
    1 ( comparative) it's more serious than we thought/you think c'est plus grave que nous ne pensions/vous ne pensez ; the more intelligent (child) of the two (l'enfant) le plus intelligent des deux ; he's no more honest than his sister il n'est pas plus honnête que sa sœur ; the more developed countries les pays plus développés ;
    2 ( to a greater extent) plus, davantage ; you must work/sleep/rest more il faut que tu travailles/dormes/te reposes davantage ; he sleeps/talks more than I do il dort/parle plus que moi ; you can't paint any more than I can, you can no more paint than I can tu ne sais pas plus peindre que moi ; the more you think of it, the harder it will seem plus tu y penseras, plus ça te paraîtra dur ; he is (all) the more determined/angry because il est d'autant plus déterminé/en colère que ;
    3 ( longer) I don't work there any more je n'y travaille plus ; I couldn't continue any more je ne pouvais pas continuer plus longtemps ; she is no more littér elle n'est plus ;
    4 ( again) once/twice more une fois/deux fois de plus, encore une fois/deux fois ; he's back once more il est de nouveau de retour ;
    5 ( rather) more surprised than angry plus étonné que fâché ; he's more a mechanic than an engineer il est plus mécanicien qu'ingénieur ; it's more a question of organization than of money c'est plus une question d'organisation que d'argent.
    B quantif more cars than people plus de voitures que de gens ; more eggs than milk plus d'œufs que de lait ; more cars than expected/before plus de voitures que prévu/qu'avant ; some more books encore quelques livres ; a little/lot more wine un peu/beaucoup plus de vin ; more bread encore un peu de pain ; there's no more bread il n'y a plus de pain ; have some more beer! reprenez de la bière ; have you any more questions/problems? avez-vous d'autres questions/problèmes? ; we've no more time nous n'avons plus le temps ; nothing more rien de plus ; something more autre chose, quelque chose d'autre.
    C pron
    1 ( larger amount or number) plus ; it costs more than the other one il/elle coûte plus cher que l'autre ; he eats more than you il mange plus que toi ; the children take up more of my time les enfants prennent une plus grande partie de mon temps ; many were disappointed, more were angry beaucoup de gens ont été déçus, un plus grand nombre étaient fâchés ; we'd like to see more of you nous voudrions te voir plus souvent ;
    2 ( additional amount) davantage ; ( additional number) plus ; tell me more (about it) dis-m'en davantage ; I need more of them il m'en faut plus ; I need more of it il m'en faut davantage ; we found several/a few more (of them) in the house nous en avons trouvé plusieurs/quelques autres dans la maison ; I can't tell you any more je ne peux pas t'en dire plus ; have you heard any more from your sister? as-tu d'autres nouvelles de ta sœur? ; I have nothing more to say je n'ai rien à ajouter ; in Mexico, of which more later… au Mexique, dont nous reparlerons plus tard… ; let's ou we'll say no more about it n'en parlons plus.
    D more and more det phr, adv phr de plus en plus ; more and more work/time de plus en plus de travail/de temps ; to work/sleep more and more travailler/dormir de plus en plus ; more and more regularly de plus en plus régulièrement.
    E more or less adv phr plus ou moins.
    F more so adv phr encore plus ; in York, and even more so in Oxford à York et encore plus à Oxford ; it is very interesting, made (even) more so because c'est très intéressant, d'autant plus que ; he is just as active as her, if not more so ou or even more so il est aussi actif qu'elle, si ce n'est plus ; (all) the more so because… d'autant plus que… ; they are all disappointed, none more so than Mr Lowe ils sont tous déçus, en particulier M. Lowe ; no more so than usual/the others pas plus que d'habitude/les autres.
    1 ( greater amount or number) plus de ; more than 20 people/£50 plus de 20 personnes/50 livres sterling ; more than half plus de la moitié ; more than enough plus qu'assez ;
    2 ( extremely) more than generous/happy plus que généreux/ravi ; the cheque more than covered the cost le chèque a amplement couvert les frais ; you more than fulfilled your obligations tu as fait plus que remplir tes obligations.
    she's nothing more (nor less) than a thief, she's a thief, neither more nor less c'est une voleuse, ni plus ni moins ; he's nothing ou no ou not much more than a servant ce n'est qu'un serviteur ; and what is more… et qui plus est… ; there's more where that came from ce n'est qu'un début.

    Big English-French dictionary > more

  • 3 No more ...

    Общая лексика: покончено (C... покончено! - 1) No more engine problems! 2) No more sneezing and runny noses in our family!)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > No more ...

  • 4 the relative simplicity and tractability of (1.1) make it a useful prototype for the study of more complex stability problems

    1) Общая лексика: относительная простота и лёгкость в трактовке модели (1.1) делают её полезным прототипом для изучения более сложных задач у
    2) Математика: делают его (уравнение (1.1)) полезным прототипом

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the relative simplicity and tractability of (1.1) make it a useful prototype for the study of more complex stability problems

  • 5 the relative simplicity and tractability of make it a useful prototype for the study of more complex stability problems

    1) Общая лексика: (1.1) относительная простота и лёгкость в трактовке модели (1.1) делают её полезным прототипом для изучения более сложных задач у
    2) Математика: (1.1) делают его (уравнение (1.1)) полезным прототипом

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the relative simplicity and tractability of make it a useful prototype for the study of more complex stability problems

  • 6 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 7 problem

    ['prɔbləm]
    n
    1) проблема, вопрос, трудность

    A new problem appeared/arose. — Возникла новая проблема.

    I had the same problem. — У меня была та же проблема.

    That's no problem. — Это ничего. /Это не беда. /Это не проблема.

    There is no more serious problem than these immature people. — Эти подростки представляют собой самую серьезную проблему.

    It's a problem making/to make ends meet. — Трудно сводить концы с концами.

    We shelved the problem of where we were going to sleep till bedtime. — Мы отложили вопрос о ночлеге до вечера.

    I think we may have a problem here. — Я думаю, что здесь могут возникнуть проблемы/затруднения.

    The problem is that she can't cook. — Беда в том, что она не умеет готовить.

    - serious problem
    - acute problem
    - thorny problems
    - social problems
    - tremendous problem
    - not an easy problem
    - labour problems
    - unemployment problem
    - low-range teacher-salary problem
    - one's problem
    - pressing problem
    - more dignified problems
    - tangled problem
    - problem novel
    - problem play
    - problem picture
    - problem child
    - problem of heredity
    - problems of common interest
    - deeper problems of life
    - long-pending problem of repatriation
    - inscrutable and awful problems of existance
    - problem in sociology
    - every problem in this field
    - problem before us
    - problems for solution
    - problems of youth
    - problems of accomodition
    - paramount problem of the time
    - problem pointed out by this scientist
    - pressed by problems on all sides
    - minor day by day problems
    - one's views on the problem
    - completely new approach to the problem
    - solution to the problem
    - weight of problems
    - wholly inexperienced in problems of marketing
    - weighed down with problems
    - address a problem
    - discuss a problem
    - avoid problems
    - cause a problem
    - solve a problem
    - study the problem
    - take on the problem
    - think about the problem
    - treat this important problem
    - wish the problem settled
    - work on the problem
    - consider the problem solved
    - consider the problem from different stand-points
    - deal with a problem
    - dip into a problem
    - encounter problems
    - find an answer to the problem
    - gnaw at the problem
    - go over the problem carefully
    - know smth about the problem
    - look into a problem
    - observe considerable variation of views on the problem
    - puzzle one's brain about a problem
    - raise a problem
    - reflect upon a problem
    - run into problems
    - run to his mother with every little problem
    - see the problem as it is
    - see many problems in it
    - settle this problem definitely
    - problem the country is confronted with
    - problems that they evade
    2) задача, задание, упражнение, загадка

    I'm stuck on this problem. — Я никак не могу решить эту задачу.

    The truth of the case remained a problem — что было на самом деле осталось загадкой.

    What happened to them remained a problem. — Что произошло с ними до сих пор не ясно

    - chess problem
    - geometrical problem
    - problems of history
    - problem to smb
    - simple problems in addition and substraction
    - correct representation of the problem
    - answer a problem
    - work out a problem
    - attack a problem
    - do problems in algebra
    - explain the problem to smb
    - set problems in an examination
    - set the boys a difficult problem
    - sit over the problem
    - solve complex problems

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > problem

  • 8 problem

    n
    1) проблема; трудность
    •

    to add to a country's problems — увеличивать трудности, испытываемые страной

    to address a problem — заниматься проблемой; браться за решение вопроса

    to aggravate a problem — обострять / осложнять проблему

    to appreciate the seriousness of the problem — осознавать / понимать серьезность проблемы

    to bring up a problem — поднимать / ставить на обсуждение проблему

    to compound the problems already facing smb — осложнять и без того трудные проблемы, стоящие перед кем-л.

    to counteract a problem — принимать меры по какой-л. проблеме

    to create a problem — создавать проблему / трудность

    to deal successfully with problems — решать проблемы; успешно справляться с проблемами / с трудностями

    to deal with a problem — подходить к вопросу; рассматривать проблему; справляться с трудностью

    to deflect from one's internal problems — отвлекать внимание от своих внутренних проблем

    to drag one's feet on a problem — затягивать обсуждение какого-л. вопроса на переговорах

    to ease a problem — облегчать / упрощать решение проблемы

    to get to grips with a problem — браться за решение проблемы / задачи

    to handle a problem — решать проблему / задачу

    to iron out a problem — урегулировать вопрос / проблему

    to overcome a problem — разрешать проблему; преодолевать трудность

    to put forward a problem — выдвигать / ставить проблему

    to resolve a problem — решать задачу / проблему

    to solve a problem — решать / разрешать проблему

    to tackle a problem — решать проблему; бороться за решение вопроса

    to touch upon a problem — касаться проблемы; затрагивать проблему

    to wash one's hands of a problem — умывать руки; прекращать заниматься решением вопроса

    - age-old problem
    - agrarian problem
    - anticipated problem
    - balance-of-payment problem
    - basic problem
    - border problem
    - burning problem
    - cardinal problem
    - cash-flow problem
    - chief problem
    - common problem
    - competitiveness problem
    - complex problem
    - complexity of a problem
    - complicated problem
    - comprehensive consideration of a problem
    - conflict problem
    - contentious problem
    - controversial problem
    - critical problem
    - crucial problem
    - cultural problem
    - current problem
    - daily problem
    - dark problem
    - debt problem
    - deep problem
    - deep-seated problem
    - delicate problem
    - difficult problem
    - diplomatic problem
    - disputable problem
    - domestic problem
    - drug problem
    - easy ways out of economic problems
    - economic problem
    - education problem
    - elaboration of economic problems
    - employment problem
    - endemic problem
    - environmental problem
    - ethnic problem
    - farming problem
    - financial liquidity problem
    - financial problem
    - focal problem
    - food problem
    - foreign debt problem
    - formidable problem
    - fuel and energy problem
    - global problem
    - grave problem
    - growing problems
    - hair-raising problem
    - half-way solution of the problem
    - hard core of a problem
    - heart of the problem
    - heavy problem
    - high priority problem
    - housing problem
    - human problems
    - human rights problem
    - humanitarian problem
    - immediate problem
    - important problem
    - inability to solve urgent problems
    - incipient problems
    - industrial problems
    - infrastructure problem
    - inherited problem
    - insuperable problem
    - insurmountable problem
    - interconnected problems
    - interdisciplinary problem
    - interlinked problems
    - internal problem
    - international problem
    - interrelated problems
    - intractable problem
    - intricate problem
    - key part of the problem
    - key problem
    - kindred problem
    - labor problems
    - labor-shortage problem
    - logistical problem
    - long-standing problem
    - long-term problem
    - main problem
    - major problem
    - mammoth problem
    - market problem
    - massive problem
    - minor problem
    - monetary and financial problem
    - nationalist problem
    - nationality problem
    - nation-wide problem
    - number one problem
    - outstanding problem
    - painful problem
    - pending problem
    - perennial problem
    - persistent problem
    - personnel problem
    - pivotal problem
    - political problem
    - pollution problem
    - present-day problem
    - pressing problem
    - priority problem
    - problem becomes more acute
    - problem comes under scrutiny in most papers
    - problem facing the country
    - problem is compounded by smth
    - problem of development
    - problem of first priority
    - problem of great concern for smb
    - problem of instability
    - problem of paramount importance
    - problems demand the urgent attention of smb
    - problems of mutual concern
    - problems of peace, security and cooperation
    - problems of the elderly
    - problems of war and peace
    - problems to be sorted out
    - problems which face the world today
    - range of problems
    - regional problem
    - related problem
    - resolution of a problem
    - root problem
    - safety problem
    - sale problem
    - scientific problem
    - sensitive problem
    - serious problem
    - settlement of a problem
    - severe problem
    - social problem
    - socio-economic problem
    - sociological problem
    - solution of a problem
    - solution to a problem
    - solvable problem
    - specific problem
    - spectrum of problems
    - stirring problem
    - surmountable problem
    - technical problem
    - territorial problem
    - Third World debt problem
    - thorny problem
    - topical problem
    - touchy problem
    - trading problem
    - traditional problem
    - transport problem
    - universal problem
    - unprecedented problem
    - unresolved problem
    - unsolved problem
    - urgent problem
    - vital problem
    - world food problems
    - world-wide problem

    Politics english-russian dictionary > problem

  • 9 yet

    jet
    1. adverb
    1) (up till now: He hasn't telephoned yet; Have you finished yet?; We're not yet ready.) todavía, aún
    2) (used for emphasis: He's made yet another mistake / yet more mistakes.) aún
    3) ((with a comparative adjective) even: a yet more terrible experience.)

    2. conjunction
    (but; however: He's pleasant enough, yet I don't like him.) pero, aunque
    yet adv
    1. ya
    has the taxi arrived yet? ¿ya ha llegado el taxi?
    2. aún / todavía
    are you ready? Not yet ¿estás listo? Todavía no
    tr[jet]
    1 todavía, aún
    haven't you finished that book yet? ¿aún no has acabado aquel libro?
    2 (until now) hasta la fecha, hasta ahora
    3 (even) aún, todavía
    4 (expressing future possibility, hope, etc) aún
    don't give up, you may win yet no te rindas, aún puedes ganar
    1 pero, aunque
    she's very friendly, yet I find her a little mysterious es muy simpática, aunque la encuentro un poco misteriosa
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    yet again otra vez
    yet another... otro,-a... más
    yet ['jɛt] adv
    1) besides, even: aún
    yet more problems: más problemas aún
    yet again: otra vez
    2) so far: aún, todavía
    not yet: todavía no
    as yet: hasta ahora, todavía
    3) : ya
    has he come yet?: ¿ya ha venido?
    4) eventually: todavía, algún día
    5) nevertheless: sin embargo
    yet conj
    : pero
    adv.
    • aun adv.
    • aún adv.
    • todavía adv.
    conj.
    • aun conj.
    • con todo conj.
    • empero conj.
    • pero conj.
    • sin embargo conj.

    I jet
    1)
    a) (up to this or that time, till now) (with neg) todavía, aún

    I haven't eaten o (AmE also) I didn't eat yet — todavía or aún no he comido, todavía no comí (RPl)

    as yet — aún, todavía

    b) (now, so soon) (with neg) todavía

    shall I call him? - not (just) yet — ¿lo llamo? - (no,) todavía no

    c) ( thus far) (after superl)
    2) (by now, already) (with interrog) ya

    has she decided o (AmE also) did she decide yet? — ¿ya se ha decidido?, ¿ya se decidió? (AmL)

    3) ( still) todavía, aún

    there's half an hour yet before they arrive — todavía or aún falta media hora para que lleguen

    4) (eventually, in spite of everything)
    a) ( even) (with comp) aún, todavía
    b) (in addition, besides)
    6) (but, nevertheless) (as linker) sin embargo

    II
    [jet]
    1. ADV
    1) (=now, up to now, by now) todavía, aún

    he hasn't come yet — todavía or aún no ha llegado, no ha llegado todavía or aún

    don't go (just) yet — no te vayas todavía, quédate un rato

    need you go yet? — ¿tienes que irte ya?

    • as yet — todavía, por ahora

    we haven't heard anything as yet — todavía or por ahora no sabemos nada

    • not yet — todavía or aún no

    "are you coming?" - "not just yet" — -¿vienes? -todavía or aún no

    2) (=to date) hasta ahora
    3) (=still) todavía, aún

    there's hope for me yet — todavía or aún tengo esperanzas

    that question is yet to be decided — está todavía por or sin decidir, aún está por or sin decidir

    he may yet succeed — todavía puede que lo consiga, puede que aún lo consiga

    it won't be dark for half an hour yet — todavía or aún queda media hora para que anochezca

    4) (=even) todavía, aún

    better yet, let him buy them for you for Christmas — mejor aún, deja que te los regale por Navidad

    • yet again — otra or una vez más

    • they are celebrating yet another victory — están celebrando otra or una victoria más

    • many were killed, yet more have been left homeless — muchos resultaron muertos y aún or todavía más han perdido sus hogares

    5) frm

    nor yet — ni

    2.
    CONJ (=in spite of everything) sin embargo, con todo; (=but) pero

    I told him several times, yet he still hasn't done it — se lo dije varias veces, (y) sin embargo no lo ha hecho

    YET
    In questions
    ► When yet is used in affirmative questions, translate using ya:
    Is Mary here yet? ¿Está aquí María ya?
    Have they arrived yet? ¿Han llegado ya?
    In negatives
    ► When not ... yet is used in statements or questions, translate using todavía no or aún no, both of which can go at either the beginning or the end of the sentence:
    My parents haven't got up yet Mis padres no se han levantado todavía or aún, Todavía or Aún no se han levantado mis padres
    Haven't they done it yet? ¿No lo han hecho todavía or aún?, ¿Todavía or Aún no lo han hecho?
    Meaning "to date"
    ► When yet follows a superlative or never and means "to date", translate using hasta ahora:
    It's the best (one) yet Es el mejor hasta ahora
    I've never been late yet Hasta ahora no he llegado nunca con retraso
    Meaning "still"
    In predictions ► When yet is used in predictions about the future, translate using todavía or aún:
    The economic crisis will go on for some time yet La crisis económica continuará todavía or aún algún tiempo
    They will be a long time yet Todavía or Aún tardarán bastante en venir
    With to + infinitive ► When yet is followed by to + ((verb)), translate using todavía por or sin + ((infinitive)) or aún por or sin + ((infinitive)):
    The house is yet to be cleaned La casa está todavía por or sin limpiar La casa está aún por or sin limpiar
    Meaning "even"
    ► When yet precedes a comparative and means "even", translate using todavía or aún:
    There is yet more rain to come in the north Todavía or Aún habrá más precipitaciones en el norte
    Yet bigger satellites will be sent up into orbit Se pondrán en órbita satélites todavía or aún más grandes
    * * *

    I [jet]
    1)
    a) (up to this or that time, till now) (with neg) todavía, aún

    I haven't eaten o (AmE also) I didn't eat yet — todavía or aún no he comido, todavía no comí (RPl)

    as yet — aún, todavía

    b) (now, so soon) (with neg) todavía

    shall I call him? - not (just) yet — ¿lo llamo? - (no,) todavía no

    c) ( thus far) (after superl)
    2) (by now, already) (with interrog) ya

    has she decided o (AmE also) did she decide yet? — ¿ya se ha decidido?, ¿ya se decidió? (AmL)

    3) ( still) todavía, aún

    there's half an hour yet before they arrive — todavía or aún falta media hora para que lleguen

    4) (eventually, in spite of everything)
    a) ( even) (with comp) aún, todavía
    b) (in addition, besides)
    6) (but, nevertheless) (as linker) sin embargo

    II

    English-spanish dictionary > yet

  • 10 Consciousness

       Consciousness is what makes the mind-body problem really intractable.
    ... Without consciousness the mind-body problem would be much less interesting. With consciousness it seems hopeless. (T. Nagel, 1979, pp. 165-166)
       This approach to understanding sensory qualia is both theoretically and empirically motivated... [;] it suggests an effective means of expressing the allegedly inexpressible. The "ineffable" pink of one's current visual sensation may be richly and precisely expressed as a 95Hz/80Hz/80Hz "chord" in the relevant triune cortical system. The "unconveyable" taste sensation produced by the fabled Australian health tonic Vegamite might be poignantly conveyed as a 85/80/90/15 "chord" in one's four channeled gustatory system.... And the "indescribably" olfactory sensation produced by a newly opened rose might be quite accurately described as a 95/35/10/80/60/55 "chord" in some six-dimensional space within one's olfactory bulb. (P. M. Churchland, 1989, p. 106)
       One of philosophy's favorite facets of mentality has received scant attention from cognitive psychologists, and that is consciousness itself: fullblown, introspective, inner-world phenomenological consciousness. In fact if one looks in the obvious places... one finds not so much a lack of interest as a deliberate and adroit avoidance of the issue. I think I know why. Consciousness appears to be the last bastion of occult properties, epiphenomena, and immeasurable subjective states-in short, the one area of mind best left to the philosophers, who are welcome to it. Let them make fools of themselves trying to corral the quicksilver of "phenomenology" into a respectable theory. (Dennett, 1978b, p. 149)
       When I am thinking about anything, my consciousness consists of a number of ideas.... But every idea can be resolved into elements... and these elements are sensations. (Titchener, 1910, p. 33)
       A Darwin machine now provides a framework for thinking about thought, indeed one that may be a reasonable first approximation to the actual brain machinery underlying thought. An intracerebral Darwin Machine need not try out one sequence at a time against memory; it may be able to try out dozens, if not hundreds, simultaneously, shape up new generations in milliseconds, and thus initiate insightful actions without overt trial and error. This massively parallel selection among stochastic sequences is more analogous to the ways of darwinian biology than to the "von Neumann" serial computer. Which is why I call it a Darwin Machine instead; it shapes up thoughts in milliseconds rather than millennia, and uses innocuous remembered environments rather than noxious real-life ones. It may well create the uniquely human aspect of our consciousness. (Calvin, 1990, pp. 261-262)
       To suppose the mind to exist in two different states, in the same moment, is a manifest absurdity. To the whole series of states of the mind, then, whatever the individual, momentary successive states may be, I give the name of our consciousness.... There are not sensations, thoughts, passions, and also consciousness, any more than there is quadruped or animal, as a separate being to be added to the wolves, tygers, elephants, and other living creatures.... The fallacy of conceiving consciousness to be something different from the feeling, which is said to be its object, has arisen, in a great measure, from the use of the personal pronoun I. (T. Brown, 1970, p. 336)
       The human capacity for speech is certainly unique. But the gulf between it and the behavior of animals no longer seems unbridgeable.... What does this leave us with, then, which is characteristically human?.... t resides in the human capacity for consciousness and self-consciousness. (Rose, 1976, p. 177)
       [Human consciousness] depends wholly on our seeing the outside world in such categories. And the problems of consciousness arise from putting reconstitution beside internalization, from our also being able to see ourselves as if we were objects in the outside world. That is in the very nature of language; it is impossible to have a symbolic system without it.... The Cartesian dualism between mind and body arises directly from this, and so do all the famous paradoxes, both in mathematics and in linguistics.... (Bronowski, 1978, pp. 38-39)
       It seems to me that there are at least four different viewpoints-or extremes of viewpoint-that one may reasonably hold on the matter [of computation and conscious thinking]:
       A. All thinking is computation; in particular, feelings of conscious awareness are evoked merely by the carrying out of appropriate computations.
       B. Awareness is a feature of the brain's physical action; and whereas any physical action can be simulated computationally, computational simulation cannot by itself evoke awareness.
       C. Appropriate physical action of the brain evokes awareness, but this physical action cannot even be properly simulated computationally.
       D. Awareness cannot be explained by physical, computational, or any other scientific terms. (Penrose, 1994, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Consciousness

  • 11 still

    I
    1. stil adjective
    1) (without movement or noise: The city seems very still in the early morning; Please stand/sit/keep/hold still while I brush your hair!; still (= calm) water/weather.) quieto, inmóvil, parado
    2) ((of drinks) not fizzy: still orange juice.) sin gas

    2. noun
    (a photograph selected from a cinema film: The magazine contained some stills from the new film.) fotograma
    - stillborn
    II stil adverb
    1) (up to and including the present time, or the time mentioned previously: Are you still working for the same firm?; By Saturday he had still not / still hadn't replied to my letter.) aún, todavía
    2) (nevertheless; in spite of that: Although the doctor told him to rest, he still went on working; This picture is not valuable - still, I like it.) a pesar de todo, no obstante, sin embargo
    3) (even: He seemed very ill in the afternoon and in the evening looked still worse.) aún, todavía
    still1 adj
    1. quieto
    keep still estáte quieto / no te muevas
    2. tranquilo / en calma
    3. sin gas / sin burbujas
    still2 adv
    1. todavía / aún
    2. aún así
    he was ill, but he still went to work estaba enfermo, pero aún así fue a trabajar
    tr[stɪl]
    1 (not moving) quieto,-a, inmóvil; (stationary) parado,-a; (water) manso,-a; (air) en calma
    2 (tranquil, calm) tranquilo,-a; (peaceful) sosegado,-a; (subdued) callado,-a, apagado,-a; (silent) silencioso,-a
    3 (not fizzy - water) sin gas; (soft drink) sin burbujas
    1 (so far) todavía, aún
    ■ do they still live in the same house? ¿aún viven en la misma casa?
    2 (even) aún, todavía
    3 (even so, nevertheless) a pesar de todo, con todo, no obstante, sin embargo
    ■ but that still doesn't excuse your behaviour pero aun así, eso no justifica tu comportamiento
    ■ we still love you, no matter what a pesar de todo, te seguimos queriendo
    ■ still, it was worth it no obstante, valía la pena
    4 formal use (besides, yet, in addition) aún, todavía
    5 (quiet, without moving) quieto,-a
    1 literal (calm, silence) silencio, quietud nombre femenino, tranquilidad nombre femenino
    2 SMALLCINEMA/SMALL (photograph) fotograma nombre masculino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    still waters run deep del agua mansa líbreme Dios
    still life SMALLART/SMALL naturaleza muerta, bodegón nombre masculino
    ————————
    tr[stɪl]
    2 (place) destilería
    still ['stɪl] vt
    calm: pacificar, apaciguar
    still vi
    : pacificarse, apaciguarse
    still adv
    1) quietly: quieto
    sit still!: ¡quédate quieto!
    2) : de todos modos, aún, todavía
    she still lives there: aún vive allí
    it's still the same: sigue siendo lo mismo
    3) in any case: de todos modos, aún así
    he still has doubts: aún así le quedan dudas
    I still prefer that you stay: de todos modos prefiero que te quedes
    still adj
    1) motionless: quieto, inmóvil
    2) silent: callado
    1) silence: quietud f, calma f
    2) : alambique m (para destilar alcohol)
    adj.
    • sin gas (Bebida) expr.
    adj.
    • encharcado, -a adj.
    • inmóvil adj.
    • quedo, -a adj.
    • quieto, -a adj.
    • silencioso, -a adj.
    • tranquilo, -a adj.
    adv.
    • aun adv.
    • aún adv.
    • todavía adv.
    conj.
    • aun conj.
    • sin embargo conj.
    n.
    • alambique s.m.
    • alquitara s.f.
    • destiladera s.f.
    • destilador s.m.
    • destilatorio s.m.
    • silencio s.m.
    v.
    • calmar v.

    I stɪl
    1) (even now, even then) todavía, aún

    there's still plenty left — todavía or aún queda mucho

    they were still dancing — todavía or aún estaban bailando, seguían bailando

    are we still friends? — ¿seguimos siendo amigos?

    2) (as intensifier) aún, todavía

    more serious still, they haven't replied — y lo que es más grave aún or y lo que es todavía más grave, no han contestado

    a) (even so, despite that) aun así

    they say it's safe, but I'm still scared — dicen que no hay peligro pero igual or aun así tengo miedo

    b) ( however) de todos modos

    I don't think it will work; still, we can always try — no creo que funcione; pero bueno, igual podemos intentarlo


    II
    a) ( motionless) <lake/air> en calma, quieto, tranquilo

    sit/stand still — quédate quieto

    b) <orange drink/mineral water> sin gas, no efervescente

    III
    1) c (Cin, Phot) fotograma m
    2) c
    a) ( distillery) destilería f
    b) ( distilling apparatus) alambique m
    3) u ( quiet) (poet)

    IV
    transitive verb \<\<wind/waves\>\> apaciguar*; \<\<fears/cries\>\> acallar

    I [stɪl]
    1. ADJ
    (compar stiller) (superl stillest)
    1) (=motionless) [person, hands] inmóvil, quieto; [air] en calma, manso; [water] quieto, manso

    • try to hold it still — intenta que no se te mueva

    • to keep still — quedarse quieto

    keep still! — ¡no te muevas!, ¡quédate quieto!

    • to lie still, she lay still — estaba tendida sin moverse

    • to sit/ stand still — (lit) estarse quieto

    sit/stand still! — ¡estáte quieto!, ¡quieto!

    2) (=quiet, calm) [place, night] tranquilo, silencioso

    a still, small voice — una voz queda

    3) (=not fizzy) [orange drink, mineral water] sin gas
    2. N
    1) (=quiet)
    2) (Cine) fotograma m
    3. VT
    1) liter (=silence) [+ protest, voice] acallar; (=calm) [+ waves] calmar; [+ storm] calmar, apaciguar
    2) (=allay) [+ doubt, fear] disipar; [+ anger] aplacar
    4.

    the roar of the crowd stilled to an expectant murmur — el rugido de la multitud se apagó hasta convertirse en un murmullo de expectación

    5.
    CPD

    still life N — (Art) naturaleza f muerta, bodegón m

    still-life
    II
    [stɪl]
    ADV
    1) (=up to this/that time) todavía, aún

    she still lives in London — todavía or aún vive en Londres, sigue viviendo en Londres

    I still don't understand — sigo sin entender, todavía or aún no lo entiendo

    you could still change your mind — todavía or aún puedes cambiar de idea

    I was very angry, I still am — estaba muy enfadado, todavía or aún lo estoy

    I've still got three left — todavía or aún me quedan tres

    there are still two more — quedan dos más, todavía or aún quedan dos

    2) (=nevertheless, all the same) aun así, de todas formas

    I didn't win, still, it's been a good experience — no he ganado, pero aun así or de todas formas or con todo, ha sido una buena experiencia

    I'm still going, even if it rains — iré de todas formas, incluso si llueve

    his mother was Canadian, Irish-Canadian, but still Canadian — su madre era canadiense, irlandesa y canadiense, pero con todo or aun así canadiense

    still, it was worth it — pero en fin, valió la pena

    whatever they have done, they are still your parents — a pesar de todo lo que han hecho, siguen siendo tus padres

    3) (=besides, in addition) todavía, aún

    still another possibility would be to... — e incluso otra posibilidad sería...

    4) (with compar) (=even) todavía, aún

    more serious still, still more serious — aún or todavía más grave, más grave aún or todavía

    you need a rest, better still, have a holiday — necesitas un descanso, mejor todavía or aún, tómate unas vacaciones

    worse still, the disease seems to be spreading — (lo que es) peor todavía or aún, la enfermedad parece propagarse

    STILL ► Translate still relating to time using todavía or aún ( with an accent):
    They are still working for the same company Todavía or Aún están trabajando en la misma empresa Both t odavía and aún n ormally come before the verb group in this meaning. ► Alternatively, use seg uir + ((gerund)) (with or without todavía/aún):
    They are still working for the same company Siguen or Todavía siguen or Aún siguen trabajando en la misma empresa ► Still with more, less and other comparatives is normally translated by todavía or aún ( with an accent):
    More important still are the peace talks Todavía or Aún más importantes son las negociaciones de paz
    He lowered his voice still further Bajó la voz todavía or aún más
    Within a couple of weeks matters got still worse Al cabo de dos semanas los problemas empeoraron todavía or aún más NOTE: Whenever it is synonymous with todavía, aún c arries an accent. For further uses and examples, see main entry
    III
    [stɪl]
    N (for alcohol) alambique m
    * * *

    I [stɪl]
    1) (even now, even then) todavía, aún

    there's still plenty left — todavía or aún queda mucho

    they were still dancing — todavía or aún estaban bailando, seguían bailando

    are we still friends? — ¿seguimos siendo amigos?

    2) (as intensifier) aún, todavía

    more serious still, they haven't replied — y lo que es más grave aún or y lo que es todavía más grave, no han contestado

    a) (even so, despite that) aun así

    they say it's safe, but I'm still scared — dicen que no hay peligro pero igual or aun así tengo miedo

    b) ( however) de todos modos

    I don't think it will work; still, we can always try — no creo que funcione; pero bueno, igual podemos intentarlo


    II
    a) ( motionless) <lake/air> en calma, quieto, tranquilo

    sit/stand still — quédate quieto

    b) <orange drink/mineral water> sin gas, no efervescente

    III
    1) c (Cin, Phot) fotograma m
    2) c
    a) ( distillery) destilería f
    b) ( distilling apparatus) alambique m
    3) u ( quiet) (poet)

    IV
    transitive verb \<\<wind/waves\>\> apaciguar*; \<\<fears/cries\>\> acallar

    English-spanish dictionary > still

  • 12 Comparative degree: adjectives

    1) Сравнительная степень прилагательных в английском языке может образовываться синтетически (прибавлением суффикса -er) или аналитически (с помощью конструкции со словом more).
    а) Синтетически образуют сравнительную степень односложные прилагательные (кроме right и wrong), а также часть двусложных прилагательных: все оканчивающиеся на -y, а также прилагательные clever, narrow, quiet, simple
    б) Многие двусложные прилагательные могут образовывать сравнительную степень как синтетически, так и аналитически

    common (распространенный) — commoner/more common (более распространенный)

    polite (вежливый) — politer/more polite (вежливее)

    в) Только аналитически образуют сравнительную степень некоторые двусложные прилагательные (в частности, все оканчивающиеся на -ing, -ed, -ful и - less), а также прилагательные, состоящие из трех или более слогов.
    В случае сомнений способ образования сравнительной степени двусложных прилагательных следует устанавливать по словарю.

    But what is more striking... — Но более поразительно то, что...

    But the British people have a far more reserved nature than Australians. — Но по сравнению с австралийцами, британцы гораздо сдержаннее по характеру.

    He grew more cheerful. — Он приободрился.

    And now that I'm more helpless than ever, you're going away! — И теперь, когда я так беспомощен, ты уходишь.

    Family and friends are more important than money. — Семья и друзья важнее денег.

    г) Некоторые прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень нерегулярно или имеют несколько сравнительных форм:

    far (дальний) — farther (более удаленный)/further (дополнительный)

    old (старый) — older (более старый)/elder (старший)

    д) Нерегулярно образуют сравнительную форму следующие местоимения-прилагательные.

    much/many (много) — more (больше)

    2) Синтетическая форма сравнительной степени не используется, если сравниваются две возможные характеристики одного и того же предмета

    She is more nice than wise — Она скорее мила, чем умна

    less important — менее важный

    4) Прилагательное в сравнительной степени может иметь при себе уточняющие слова much, many (перед more + сущ. во мн.ч.), far, a lot, lots - гораздо, намного, any - сколько-нибудь, no - нисколько не, rather - довольно, a little, a bit - немного, even, all the - еще, any the - еще сколько-нибудь, none the - еще ничуть не. Слова any, no, a bit и a lot, как правило, не используются при прилагательных в сравнительной степени, имеющих при себе существительные

    He's got many more problems these days than ever — У него сейчас гораздо больше проблем, чем когда-либо раньше

    This car is a bit more expensive. — Эта машина стоит немного дороже.

    Again she had a scene of remonstrance with Tom, all the more severe, in proportion to the greater strength of her present position — Она снова устроила Тому скандал. На этот раз она протестовала еще сильнее, так как позиции ее упрочились.

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Comparative degree: adjectives

  • 13 ever

    ˈevə нареч.
    1) всегда, вечно;
    постоянно;
    неизменно;
    в любое время Longitude is ever measured from the intersection of the equator and ecliptic. ≈ Долгота всегда измеряется от точки пересечения экватора с эклиптикой. We are ever sinning. ≈ Мы постоянно грешим. yours ever, ever yours ≈ всегда ваш, преданный вамперед подписью в конце письма) for ever and ever for ever and a day Syn: always
    2) когда-либо а) в какой-либо ситуации, в каком-либо случае Have you ever heard about it? ≈ Вы когда-нибудь слышали об этом? The Club is an example of how architecture can help to solve the social and technical problems of the twentieth century if ever there was one. ≈ Клуб являет собой пример того, как архитектура может помочь решить социальные и технические проблемы двадцатого века, если таковые в каком-либо случае возникали. б) усил.;
    амер. самый лучший, известный и т.п. из когда-либо существовавших, из всех известных Anna and Maggie worked side by side in the factory, and were the greatest chums ever. ≈ Анна и Мэги работали бок о бок на фабрике и были самыми закадычными подругами, когда-либо существовавшими на этом свете. ∙ hardly ever as ever
    3) разг. употр. для усиления в разных значениях Have you ever a shilling as you could lend me?≈ У тебя есть хотя бы шиллинг, который ты мог бы мне одолжить? Cry as loud as ever you can. ≈ Кричи так громко, как только ты можешь. Try all that ever you can to be patient. ≈ Испытай все это со всем терпением, какое у тебя только есть. Why ever did you tell the truth? ≈ Да зачем же вы сказали правду? I wonder what ever there can be inside this chest. ≈ Интересно, что же может быть внутри этого ящика. ∙ ever so когда-либо;
    когда бы то ни было - the best film we * saw лучший фильм, который мы когда-либо видели - have we * met before? мы с вами когда-нибудь раньше встречались? - hardly /scarcely/ * почти никогда, очень редко - he is seldom if * a visitor он бывает редко, можно сказать, почти не бывает - not then or * ни тогда, ни после - foxes are seldom if * tamed лисицы, если и становятся ручными, то очень редко - more than * before более чем когда-либо (раньше) - as good as * не хуже, чем раньше - the argument is as convicting as * аргумент не потерял своей убедительности всегда, вечно - for * навсегда, навеки - for * and * на вечные времена;
    (церковное) на веки веков - pedants will * be carpring педанты вечно придираются /никогда не перестанут придираться/ - Shakespeare will * be a great poet Шекспир останется великим поэтом на все времена (эмоционально-усилительно) в вопросительных и восклицательных предложениях - who * can it be? да кто же это (может быть) ? - who * would have thought it! кто бы мог (это) подумать!, кому бы это могло прийти в голову?! - did you *? (разговорное) неужели?, слышали ли вы что-либо подобное? - where * did I put my glasses? куда же я девал свои очки? why * didn't you ask them? так почему же вы их не спросили? - as if he would * do such a thing! (как) будто он на это способен! (эмоционально-усилительно) в сравнительных оборотах - I shall do it as soon as I * can я сделаю это как только смогу /при первой возможности/ - run as fast as * you can беги как можно быстрее - she is as good a girl as * was на свете не сыщешь девочки лучше нее - he works as well as * a man could лучше него работать просто невозможно( эмоционально-усилительно) в отрицательных предложениях: никогда - did you love him? - Not * вы его любили? - Нет, никогда - no man can * understand you никто никогда вас не сможет понять - nobody has * done this before этого никто никогда раньше не делал - I do not think we have * met мы, кажется, никогда не встречались - nothing * happens in our village в нашей деревушке никогда ничего не случается (эмоционально-усилительно) очень, чрезвычайно - he is * such a rich man он очень богатый человек, он баснословно богат - * so очень, чрезвычайно;
    гораздо, намного - this road is * so much shorter эта дорога гораздо короче - he is * so strong он настоящий силач - he has * so many friends у него масса друзей - I like him * so much он мне очень нравится /очень по душе/ - be the weather * so bad... как бы ни была плоха погода... - I waited * so long я ждал бесконечно долго /целую вечность/ - thank you * so much большое вам спасибо, очень вам благодарен в сочетаниях - * after с тех пор (и до конца) - they married and lived happily * after они поженились и были счастливы всю жизнь - * since с тех (самых) пор, с того времени - I've known him * since he was a boy я знаю его с самого детства - * and again, * and anon время от времени;
    то и дело, поминутно > yours *, * yours всегда ваш, преданный вам (перед подписью в конце письма) > for * and a day навсегда, навеки as ~ как только;
    I shall do it as soon as ever I can я сделаю это, как только смогу ~ so разг. как бы ни;
    be the weather ever so bad, I must go как бы плоха погода ни была, я должен идти ever всегда;
    ever after, ever since с тех пор (как) ever всегда;
    ever after, ever since с тех пор (как) ~ so разг. как бы ни;
    be the weather ever so bad, I must go как бы плоха погода ни была, я должен идти ~ so разг. очень;
    thank you ever so much большое вам спасибо ~ yours всегда Ваш (подпись в письме) for ~ (and ~), for ~ and a day беспрестанно for ~ (and ~), for ~ and a day навсегда, навечно for ~ (and ~), for ~ and a day беспрестанно for ~ (and ~), for ~ and a day навсегда, навечно ~ когда-либо;
    it is the best symphony I have ever heard это лучшая симфония, которую я когда-либо слышал;
    hardly ever едва ли когда-нибудь;
    почти никогда ~ so разг. как бы ни;
    be the weather ever so bad, I must go как бы плоха погода ни была, я должен идти as ~ как только;
    I shall do it as soon as ever I can я сделаю это, как только смогу ~ когда-либо;
    it is the best symphony I have ever heard это лучшая симфония, которую я когда-либо слышал;
    hardly ever едва ли когда-нибудь;
    почти никогда ~ so разг. очень;
    thank you ever so much большое вам спасибо thank: thank благодарить;
    thank you благодарю;
    thank you ever so much разг. очень вам благодарен;
    thank you for nothing! спасибо и на том! (иронически, в ответ на отказ) ~ разг. употр. для усиления: why ever did you do it? да почему же вы это сделали?;
    what ever do you mean? что же вы хотите этим сказать? ~ разг. употр. для усиления: why ever did you do it? да почему же вы это сделали?;
    what ever do you mean? что же вы хотите этим сказать?

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > ever

  • 14 Froude, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1810 Dartington, Devon, England
    d. 4 May 1879 Simonstown, South Africa
    [br]
    English naval architect; pioneer of experimental ship-model research.
    [br]
    Froude was educated at a preparatory school at Buckfastleigh, and then at Westminster School, London, before entering Oriel College, Oxford, to read mathematics and classics. Between 1836 and 1838 he served as a pupil civil engineer, and then he joined the staff of Isambard Kingdom Brunel on various railway engineering projects in southern England, including the South Devon Atmospheric Railway. He retired from professional work in 1846 and lived with his invalid father at Dartington Parsonage. The next twenty years, while apparently unproductive, were important to Froude as he concentrated his mind on difficult mathematical and scientific problems. Froude married in 1839 and had five children, one of whom, Robert Edmund Froude (1846–1924), was to succeed him in later years in his research work for the Admiralty. Following the death of his father, Froude moved to Paignton, and there commenced his studies on the resistance of solid bodies moving through fluids. Initially these were with hulls towed through a house roof storage tank by wires taken over a pulley and attached to falling weights, but the work became more sophisticated and was conducted on ponds and the open water of a creek near Dartmouth. Froude published work on the rolling of ships in the second volume of the Transactions of the then new Institution of Naval Architects and through this became acquainted with Sir Edward Reed. This led in 1870 to the Admiralty's offer of £2,000 towards the cost of an experimental tank for ship models at Torquay. The tank was completed in 1872 and tests were carried out on the model of HMS Greyhound following full-scale towing trials which had commenced on the actual ship the previous year. From this Froude enunciated his Law of Comparisons, which defines the rules concerning the relationship of the power required to move geometrically similar floating bodies across fluids. It enabled naval architects to predict, from a study of a much less expensive and smaller model, the resistance to motion and the power required to move a full-size ship. The work in the tank led Froude to design a model-cutting machine, dynamometers and machinery for the accurate ruling of graph paper. Froude's work, and later that of his son, was prodigious and covered many fields of ship design, including powering, propulsion, rolling, steering and stability. In only six years he had stamped his academic authority on the new science of hydrodynamics, served on many national committees and corresponded with fellow researchers throughout the world. His health suffered and he sailed for South Africa to recuperate, but he contracted dysentery and died at Simonstown. He will be remembered for all time as one of the greatest "fathers" of naval architecture.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS. Honorary LLD Glasgow University.
    Bibliography
    1955, The Papers of William Froude, London: Institution of Naval Architects (the Institution also published a memoir by Sir Westcott Abell and an evaluation of his work by Dr R.W.L. Gawn of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors; this volume reprints all Froude's papers from the Institution of Naval Architects and other sources as diverse as the British Association, the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Institution of Civil Engineers.
    Further Reading
    A.T.Crichton, 1990, "William and Robert Edmund Froude and the evolution of the ship model experimental tank", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 61:33–49.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Froude, William

  • 15 amontonarse

    ■amontonarse verbo reflexivo
    1 to pile up, heap up: los problemas se me amontonan, I've got more and more problems
    2 (varias personas) to crowd together ' amontonarse' also found in these entries: Spanish: amontonar English: drift - pile up - pile

    English-spanish dictionary > amontonarse

  • 16 the upper crust

    «сливки»/цвет общества

    In certain working situations, belonging to the upper crust can create more problems than belonging to the underprivileged classes.

    High-ranking army officers and communist party officials belonged to the upper crust of Soviet society.

    Англо-русский словарь идиом и фразовых глаголов > the upper crust

  • 17 pain value analysis

    1. анализ потерь

     

    анализ потерь
    (ITIL Service Operation)
    Техника, используемая для идентификации влияния на бизнес одной или нескольких проблем. Формула расчета потерь основана на количестве затронутых пользователей, продолжительности простоя, влияния на каждого пользователя и стоимости для Бизнеса (если известна).
    [Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

    EN

    pain value analysis
    (ITIL Service Operation)
    A technique used to help identify the business impact of one or more problems. A formula is used to calculate pain value based on the number of users affected, the duration of the downtime, the impact on each user, and the cost to the business (if known).
    [Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > pain value analysis

  • 18 Wren, Sir Christopher

    [br]
    b. 20 October 1632 East Knoyle, Wiltshire, England
    d. 25 February 1723 London, England
    [br]
    English architect whose background in scientific research and achievement enhanced his handling of many near-intractable architectural problems.
    [br]
    Born into a High Church and Royalist family, the young Wren early showed outstanding intellectual ability and at Oxford in 1654 was described as "that miracle of a youth". Educated at Westminster School, he went up to Oxford, where he graduated at the age of 19 and obtained his master's degree two years later. From this time onwards his interests were in science, primarily astronomy but also physics, engineering and meteorology. While still at college he developed theories about and experimentally solved some fifty varied problems. At the age of 25 Wren was appointed to the Chair of Astronomy at Gresham College in London, but he soon returned to Oxford as Savilian Professor of Astronomy there. At the same time he became one of the founder members of the Society of Experimental Philosophy at Oxford, which was awarded its Royal Charter soon after the Restoration of 1660; Wren, together with such men as Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, John Evelyn and Robert Boyle, then found himself a member of the Royal Society.
    Wren's architectural career began with the classical chapel that he built, at the request of his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, for Pembroke College, Cambridge (1663). From this time onwards, until he died at the age of 91, he was fully occupied with a wide and taxing variety of architectural problems which he faced in the execution of all the great building schemes of the day. His scientific background and inventive mind stood him in good stead in solving such difficulties with an often unusual approach and concept. Nowhere was this more apparent than in his rebuilding of fifty-one churches in the City of London after the Great Fire, in the construction of the new St Paul's Cathedral and in the grand layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich.
    The first instance of Wren's approach to constructional problems was in his building of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford (1664–9). He based his design upon that of the Roman Theatre of Marcellus (13–11 BC), which he had studied from drawings in Serlio's book of architecture. Wren's reputation as an architect was greatly enhanced by his solution to the roofing problem here. The original theatre in Rome, like all Roman-theatres, was a circular building open to the sky; this would be unsuitable in the climate of Oxford and Wren wished to cover the English counterpart without using supporting columns, which would have obscured the view of the stage. He solved this difficulty mathematically, with the aid of his colleague Dr Wallis, the Professor of Geometry, by means of a timber-trussed roof supporting a painted ceiling which represented the open sky.
    The City of London's churches were rebuilt over a period of nearly fifty years; the first to be completed and reopened was St Mary-at-Hill in 1676, and the last St Michael Cornhill in 1722, when Wren was 89. They had to be rebuilt upon the original medieval sites and they illustrate, perhaps more clearly than any other examples of Wren's work, the fertility of his imagination and his ability to solve the most intractable problems of site, limitation of space and variation in style and material. None of the churches is like any other. Of the varied sites, few are level or possess right-angled corners or parallel sides of equal length, and nearly all were hedged in by other, often larger, buildings. Nowhere is his versatility and inventiveness shown more clearly than in his designs for the steeples. There was no English precedent for a classical steeple, though he did draw upon the Dutch examples of the 1630s, because the London examples had been medieval, therefore Roman Catholic and Gothic, churches. Many of Wren's steeples are, therefore, Gothic steeples in classical dress, but many were of the greatest originality and delicate beauty: for example, St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside; the "wedding cake" St Bride in Fleet Street; and the temple diminuendo concept of Christ Church in Newgate Street.
    In St Paul's Cathedral Wren showed his ingenuity in adapting the incongruous Royal Warrant Design of 1675. Among his gradual and successful amendments were the intriguing upper lighting of his two-storey choir and the supporting of the lantern by a brick cone inserted between the inner and outer dome shells. The layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich illustrates Wren's qualities as an overall large-scale planner and designer. His terms of reference insisted upon the incorporation of the earlier existing Queen's House, erected by Inigo Jones, and of John Webb's King Charles II block. The Queen's House, in particular, created a difficult problem as its smaller size rendered it out of scale with the newer structures. Wren's solution was to make it the focal centre of a great vista between the main flanking larger buildings; this was a masterstroke.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1673. President, Royal Society 1681–3. Member of Parliament 1685–7 and 1701–2. Surveyor, Greenwich Hospital 1696. Surveyor, Westminster Abbey 1699.
    Surveyor-General 1669–1712.
    Further Reading
    R.Dutton, 1951, The Age of Wren, Batsford.
    M.Briggs, 1953, Wren the Incomparable, Allen \& Unwin. M.Whinney, 1971, Wren, Thames \& Hudson.
    K.Downes, 1971, Christopher Wren, Allen Lane.
    G.Beard, 1982, The Work of Sir Christopher Wren, Bartholomew.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Wren, Sir Christopher

  • 19 remote maintenance

    1. дистанционное техническое обслуживание

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > remote maintenance

  • 20 remote sevice

    1. дистанционное техническое обслуживание

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > remote sevice

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